Systemic and Bilateral Severe Ocular Toxoplasmosis Resembling Autoimmune Phenomena: A Case Report.

PURPOSE: To present an atypical case of severe bilateral ocular toxoplasmosis with systemic involvement that initially mimicked an autoimmune etiology, posing challenges to its diagnosis and treatment. CASE REPORT: A 39-year-old immunocompetent male was admitted to the hospital due to a presumed pulmonary thromboembolism concomitant with an abrupt onset of vision loss. Initial differential diagnoses included antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus, prompting the administration of corticosteroid pulses and rituximab. Despite observing a partial systemic response, there was no improvement in visual acuity. Subsequent aqueous humor polymerase chain reaction confirmed Toxoplasma gondii infection, leading to the introduction of oral antibiotic therapy. The patient's condition showed a partially favorable response; however, the treatment could not reverse the permanent retinal damage. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE: This case underscores the importance of ruling out an infectious etiology in all cases of uveitis. Additionally, it alerts clinicians to the possibility that elevated positive autoantibodies may result from a severe inflammatory reaction caused by pathogens rather than an autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease, particularly in instances of poor treatment response or atypical clinical presentation.

Enhancing Neuronal Cell Uptake of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids with Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructures.

The successful translation of therapeutic nucleic acids (NAs) for the treatment of neurological disorders depends on their safe and efficient delivery to neural cells, in particular neurons. DNA nanostructures can be a promising NAs delivery vehicle. Nonetheless, the potential of DNA nanostructures for neuronal cell delivery of therapeutic NAs is unexplored. Here, tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDN) as siRNA delivery scaffolds to neuronal cells, exploring the influence of functionalization with two different reported neuronal targeting ligands: C4-3 RNA aptamer and Tet1 peptide are investigated. Nanostructures are characterized in vitro, as well as in silico using molecular dynamic simulations to better understand the overall TDN structural stability. Enhancement of neuronal cell uptake of TDN functionalized with the C4-3 Aptamer (TDN-Apt), not only in neuronal cell lines but also in primary neuronal cell cultures is demonstrated. Additionally, TDN and TDN-Apt nanostructures carrying siRNA are shown to promote silencing in a process aided by chloroquine-induced endosomal disruption. This work presents a thorough workflow for the structural and functional characterization of the proposed TDN as a nano-scaffold for neuronal delivery of therapeutic NAs and for targeting ligands evaluation, contributing to the future development of new neuronal drug delivery systems based on DNA nanostructures.

Recognition of breast cancer subtypes using FTIR hyperspectral data.

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a powerful, non-destructive, highly sensitive and a promising analytical technique to provide spectrochemical signatures of biological samples, where markers like carbohydrates, proteins, and phosphate groups of DNA can be recognized in biological micro-environment. However, method of measurements of large cells need an excessive time to achieve high quality images, making its clinical use difficult due to speed of data-acquisition and lack of optimized computational procedures. To address such challenges, Machine Learning (ML) based technologies can assist to assess an accurate prognostication of breast cancer (BC) subtypes with high performance. Here, we applied FTIR spectroscopy to identify breast cancer subtypes in order to differentiate between luminal (BT474) and non-luminal (SKBR3) molecular subtypes. For this reason, we tested multivariate classification technique to extract feature information employing three-dimension (3D)-discriminant analysis approach based on 3D-principle component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (3D-PCA-LDA) and 3D-principal component analysis-quadratic discriminant analysis (3D-PCA-QDA), showing an improvement in sensitivity (98%), specificity (94%) and accuracy (98%) parameters compared to conventional unfolded methods. Our results evidence that 3D-PCA-LDA and 3D-PCA-QDA are potential tools for discriminant analysis of hyperspectral dataset to obtain superior classification assessment.

Treatment of metastatic paraganglioma: experience of a single center.

PURPOSE: Data regarding treatment options and their efficacy for metastatic paragangliomas (mPPGL) is limited. This study aims to report a single center experience in treating mPPGL, comparing the efficacy and safety of various treatment approaches. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients with mPPGL treated at an Endocrinology Department of a cancer institute between January 2000 and October 2022. RESULTS: We analyzed 25 patients with mPPGL, 8 pheochromocytomas and 20 paragangliomas (12% multifocal), followed for a median of 9 [4; 14] years. Surgical approach, aimed at the primary tumor or at debulking of metastases, was the only treatment achieving complete response: 87% in primary tumor and 87.5% with debulking of metastases. These were long-lasting results with a duration of 69 (23.8; 136.8) months in primary tumor removal and 35.1 (15.3; 41) months in metastases debulking. As for other therapeutic approaches, such as radioactive isotopes, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy, the main outcome was stable disease, with few partial responses. At the last follow-up, 66% of the patients were alive, 15.4% were in remission and 84.6% had stable disease. Median overall survival was 14 years. The 5-year and 10-year survival rates from primary tumor diagnosis were 77.9% and 66.9% respectively, and from metastasis diagnosis were 67.4% and 55.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This is the only European single center analysis addressing outcomes of different therapies in mPGL. The results support surgery as a first-line treatment, being the only approach that may achieve complete response with satisfactory and long-lasting results.

An MRI assessment of prostate cancer local recurrence using the PI-RR system: diagnostic accuracy, inter-observer reliability among readers with variable experience, and correlation with PSA values.

OBJECTIVES: The Prostate Imaging for Recurrence Reporting (PI-RR) system has been recently proposed to promote standardisation in the MR assessment of prostate cancer (PCa) local recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiation therapy (RT). This study aims to evaluate PI-RR's diagnostic accuracy, assess the inter-observer reliability among readers with variable experience, and correlate imaging results with anatomopathological and laboratory parameters. METHODS: Patients who underwent a pelvic MRI for suspicion of PCa local recurrence after RP or RT were retrospectively enrolled (October 2017-February 2020). PI-RR scores were independently assessed for each patient by five readers with variable experience in prostate MRI (two senior and three junior radiologists). Biochemical data and histopathological features were collected. The reference standard was determined through biochemical, imaging, or histopathological follow-up data. Reader's diagnostic performance was assessed using contingency tables. Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated to measure inter-observer reliability. RESULTS: The final cohort included 120 patients (median age, 72 years [IQR, 62-82]). Recurrence was confirmed in 106 (88.3%) patients. Considering a PI-RR score ≥ 3 as positive for recurrence, minimum and maximum diagnostic values among the readers were as follows: sensitivity 79-86%; specificity 64-86%; positive predictive value 95-98%; negative predictive value 33-46%; accuracy 79-87%. Regardless of reader's level of experience, the inter-observer reliability resulted good or excellent (κ ranges across all readers: 0.52-0.77), and ICC was 0.8. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity, baseline-PSA, and trigger-PSA resulted predictive of local recurrence at imaging. CONCLUSIONS: The PI-RR system is an effective tool for MRI evaluation of PCa local recurrence and facilitates uniformity among radiologists. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: This study confirmed the PI-RR system's good diagnostic accuracy for the MRI evaluation of PCa local recurrences. It showed high reproducibility among readers with variable experience levels, validating it as a promising standardisation tool for assessing patients with biochemical recurrence. KEY POINTS: • In this retrospective study, the PI-RR system revealed promising diagnostic performances among five readers with different experience (sensitivity 79-86%; specificity 64-86%; accuracy 79-87%). • The inter-observer reliability among the five readers resulted good or excellent (κ ranges: 0.52-0.77) with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.8. • The PI-RR assessment score may facilitate standardisation and generalizability in the evaluation of prostate cancer local recurrence among radiologists.

Enhanced expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors on cytokine-induced memory-like natural killer cells correlates with effector function.

Introduction: Natural killer (NK) cells are a key component of the innate immune system, involved in defending the host against virus-infected cells and tumor immunosurveillance. Under in vitro culture conditions, IL-12/15/18 can induce a memory-like phenotype in NK cells. These cytokine-induced memory-like (CIML) NK cells possess desirable characteristics for immunotherapies, including a longer lifespan and increased cytotoxicity. Methods: In this study, NK cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors and stimulated with IL-12/15/18 to induce a memory-like phenotype or with IL-15 alone as a control. After seven days of culture, multiparametric flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the phenotypic and functional profiles of CIML and control NK cells. Results: Our results showed a significantly higher expression of CD25, CD69, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, TACTILE, and Granzyme B in CIML NK cells compared to control NK cells. In contrast, KIR2D expression was significantly lower in CIML NK cells than in control NK cells. Moreover, functional experiments demonstrated that CIML NK cells displayed enhanced degranulation capacity and increased intracellular IFN-γ production against the target cell line K562. Interestingly, the degranulation capacity of CIML NK cells was positively correlated with the expression of the activating receptors NKp46 and NKp30, as well as with the inhibitory receptor TACTILE. Discussion: In conclusion, this study provides a deep phenotypic characterization of in vitro-expanded CIML NK cells. Moreover, the correlations found between NK cell receptors and degranulation capacity of CIML NK cells allowed the identification of several biomarkers that could be useful in clinical settings.

Gynaecological Causes of Acute Pelvic Pain: Common and Not-So-Common Imaging Findings.

In female patients, acute pelvic pain can be caused by gynaecological, gastrointestinal, and urinary tract pathologies. Due to the variety of diagnostic possibilities, the correct assessment of these patients may be challenging. The most frequent gynaecological causes of acute pelvic pain in non-pregnant women are pelvic inflammatory disease, ruptured ovarian cysts, ovarian torsion, and degeneration or torsion of uterine leiomyomas. On the other hand, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and placental disorders are the most frequent gynaecological entities to cause acute pelvic pain in pregnant patients. Ultrasound (US) is usually the first-line diagnostic technique because of its sensitivity across most common aetiologies and its lack of radiation exposure. Computed tomography (CT) may be performed if ultrasound findings are equivocal or if a gynaecologic disease is not initially suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an extremely useful second-line technique for further characterisation after US or CT. This pictorial review aims to review the spectrum of gynaecological entities that may manifest as acute pelvic pain in the emergency department and to describe the imaging findings of these gynaecological conditions obtained with different imaging techniques.

Electrochemical miRNA-34a-based biosensor for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia type and a leading cause of death and disability in the elderly. Diagnosis is expensive and invasive, urging the development of new, affordable, and less invasive diagnostic tools. The identification of changes in the expression of non-coding RNAs prompts the development of diagnostic tools to detect disease-specific blood biomarkers. Building on this idea, this work reports a novel electrochemical microRNA (miRNA) biosensor for the diagnosis of AD, based on carbon screen-printed electrodes (C-SPEs) modified with two gold nanostructures and a complementary anti-miR-34a oligonucleotide probe. This biosensor showed good target affinity, reflected on a 100 pM to 1 µM linearity range and a limit of detection (LOD) of 39 pM in buffer and 94 aM in serum. Moreover, the biosensor's response was not affected by serum compounds, indicating selectivity for miR-34a. The biosensor also detected miR-34a in the cell culture medium of a common AD model, stimulated with a neurotoxin to increase miR-34a secretion. Overall, the proposed biosensor makes a solid case for the introduction of a novel, inexpensive, and minimally invasive tool for the early diagnosis of AD, based on the detection of a circulating miRNA overexpressed in this pathology.

Comparison of three 18F-labeled 2-nitroimidazoles for imaging hypoxia in breast cancer xenografts: [18F]FBNA, [18F]FAZA and [18F]FMISO.

BACKGROUND: Tumour hypoxia is associated with increased metastasis, invasion, poor therapy response and prognosis. Most PET radiotracers developed and used for clinical hypoxia imaging belong to the 2-nitroimidazole family. Recently we have developed novel 2-nitroimidazole-derived PET radiotracer [18F]FBNA (N-(4-[18F]fluoro-benzyl)-2-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-acet-amide), an 18F-labeled analogue of antiparasitic drug benznidazole. The present study aimed to analyze its radio-pharmacological properties and systematically compare its PET imaging profiles with [18F]FMISO and [18F]FAZA in preclinical triple-negative (MDA-MB231) and estrogen receptor-positive (MCF-7) breast cancer models. METHODS: In vitro cellular uptake experiments were carried out in MDA-MB321 and MCF-7 cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Metabolic stability in vivo was determined in BALB/c mice using radio-TLC analysis. Dynamic PET experiments over 3 h post-injection were performed in MDA-MB231 and MCF-7 tumour-bearing mice. Those PET data were used for kinetic modelling analysis utilizing the reversible two-tissue-compartment model. Autoradiography was carried out in tumour tissue slices and compared to HIF-1α immunohistochemistry. Detailed ex vivo biodistribution was accomplished in BALB/c mice, and this biodistribution data were used for dosimetry calculation. RESULTS: Under hypoxic conditions in vitro cellular uptake was elevated in both cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB231, for all three radiotracers. After intravenous injection, [18F]FBNA formed two radiometabolites, resulting in a final fraction of 65 ± 9 % intact [18F]FBNA after 60 min p.i. After 3 h p.i., [18F]FBNA tumour uptake reached SUV values of 0.78 ± 0.01 in MCF-7 and 0.61 ± 0.04 in MDA-MB231 tumours (both n = 3), representing tumour-to-muscle ratios of 2.19 ± 0.04 and 1.98 ± 0.15, respectively. [18F]FMISO resulted in higher tumour uptakes (SUV 1.36 ± 0.04 in MCF-7 and 1.23 ± 0.08 in MDA-MB231 (both n = 4; p < 0.05) than [18F]FAZA (0.66 ± 0.11 in MCF-7 and 0.63 ± 0.14 in MDA-MB231 (both n = 4; n.s.)), representing tumour-to-muscle ratios of 3.24 ± 0.30 and 3.32 ± 0.50 for [18F]FMISO, and 2.92 ± 0.74 and 3.00 ± 0.42 for [18F]FAZA, respectively. While the fraction per time of radiotracer entering the second compartment (k3) was similar within uncertainties for all three radiotracers in MDA-MB231 tumours, it was different in MCF-7 tumours. The ratios k3/(k3 + k2) and K1*k3/(k3 + k2) in MCF-7 tumours were also significantly different, indicating dissimilar fractions of radiotracer bound and trapped intracellularly: K1*k3/(k2 + k3) [18F]FMISO (0.0088 ± 0.001)/min, n = 4; p < 0.001) > [18F]FAZA (0.0052 ± 0.002)/min, n = 4; p < 0.01) > [18F]FBNA (0.003 ± 0.001)/min, n = 3). In contrast, in MDA-MB231 tumours, only K1 was significantly elevated for [18F]FMISO. However, this did not result in significant differences for K1*k3/(k2 + k3) for all three 2-nitroimidazoles in MDA-MB231 tumours. CONCLUSION: Novel 2-nitroimidazole PET radiotracer [18F]FBNA showed uptake into hypoxic breast cancer cells and tumour tissue presumably associated with elevated HIF1-α expression. Systematic comparison of PET imaging performance with [18F]FMISO and [18F]FAZA in different types of preclinical breast cancer models revealed a similar tumour uptake profile for [18F]FBNA with [18F]FAZA and, despite its higher lipophilicity, still a slightly higher muscle tissue clearance compared to [18F]FMISO.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF SKIN SUTURE IN RATS WITH POLYGLYCAPRONE 25 AND NYLON.

Currently, the market offers a wide variety of suture threads, made of materials with different structural and chemical properties. Among many other characteristics, they vary in origin, absorption or degradation, and structure. From this variety, the clinical doubt arises as to which material provides the patient with the best healing quality. Objective: This study aims to comparatively evaluate two different types of suture threads-Monocryl® (polyglycaprone 25) and Ethilon® (nylon)-regarding their ability to aid in tissue regeneration by a histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the skin of rats sutured with the aforementioned materials. Methods: This basic experimental study used 12 adult Wistar rats, randomly divided into three groups with four animals each and subjected to four longitudinal incisions under anesthesia. Each group corresponded to a postsurgical evaluation date (one, seven, and 14 days). Results: At 14 postoperative days, the studied groups had no histological difference. However, the use of nylon thread showed greater evidence of earlier fibrotic union. Conclusion: This study found no histological difference in healing 14 days after surgery among the techniques and the types of suture threads. Level of Evidence II, Therapeutic Studies.

Atualmente, encontra-se disponível no mercado uma grande variedade de fios de sutura, compostos de materiais com diferentes propriedades estruturais e químicas, que variam quanto à origem, absorção ou degradação e estrutura, entre outras características. A partir dessa disponibilidade, emerge a dúvida clínica quanto ao material que propicia a melhor qualidade de cicatrização ao paciente. Objetivo: Avaliar comparativamente dois tipos de fios - Monocryl® (poliglicaprone 25) e Ethilon® (nylon) - quanto à sua capacidade de auxílio na regeneração tecidual, por meio da análise histológica e imuno-histoquímica da pele de ratos submetidos a suturas com esses materiais. Métodos: Neste estudo básico experimental, foram utilizados 12 ratos adultos da linhagem Wistar, randomicamente divididos em três grupos com quatros animais cada, que foram submetidos a quatro incisões longitudinais sob anestesia. Cada grupo correspondeu a uma data de avaliação pós-cirúrgica (1, 7 e 14 dias). Resultados: Passados 14 dias após a operação, não houve diferença histológica em relação aos grupos estudados. No entanto, o uso de fio de nylon apresentou evidência de união fibrótica mais precoce. Conclusão: Não há diferença histológica de cicatrização após 14 dias pós-operatórios entre as técnicas e os tipos de fio de sutura. Nível de Evidência II, Estudos Terapêuticos.

Mannosylated glycans impair normal T-cell development by reprogramming commitment and repertoire diversity.

T-cell development ensures the formation of diverse repertoires of T-cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize a variety of antigens. Glycosylation is a major posttranslational modification present in virtually all cells, including T-lymphocytes, that regulates activity/functions. Although these structures are known to be involved in TCR-selection in DP thymocytes, it is unclear how glycans regulate other thymic development processes and how they influence susceptibility to disease. Here, we discovered stage-specific glycome compositions during T-cell development in human and murine thymocytes, as well as dynamic alterations. After restricting the N-glycosylation profile of thymocytes to high-mannose structures, using specific glycoengineered mice (Rag1CreMgat1fl/fl), we showed remarkable defects in key developmental checkpoints, including ß-selection, regulatory T-cell generation and γδT-cell development, associated with increased susceptibility to colon and kidney inflammation and infection. We further demonstrated that a single N-glycan antenna (modeled in Rag1CreMgat2fl/fl mice) is the sine-qua-non condition to ensure normal development. In conclusion, we revealed that mannosylated thymocytes lead to a dysregulation in T-cell development that is associated with inflammation susceptibility.

Supramolecular presentation of bioinstructive peptides on soft multilayered nanobiomaterials stimulates neurite outgrowth.

Peptide amphiphiles (PAs) have emerged as effective molecular building blocks for creating self-assembling nanobiomaterials for multiple biomedical applications. Herein, we report a straightforward approach to assemble soft bioinstructive platforms to recreate the native neural extracellular matrix (ECM) aiming for neuronal regeneration based on the electrostatic-driven supramolecular presentation of laminin-derived IKVAV-containing self-assembling PA (IKVAV-PA) on biocompatible multilayered nanoassemblies. Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques show that the co-assembly of positively charged low-molecular-weight IKVAV-PA with oppositely charged high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HA) triggers the formation of ordered ß-sheet structures denoting a one-dimensional nanofibrous network. The successful functionalization of poly(L-lysine)/HA layer-by-layer nanofilms with an outer positively charged layer of self-assembling IKVAV-PA is demonstrated by the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and the nanofibrous morphological properties revealed by atomic force microscopy. The bioactive ECM-mimetic supramolecular nanofilms promote the enhancement of primary neuronal cells' adhesion, viability, and morphology when compared to the PA without the IKVAV sequence and PA-free biopolymeric multilayered nanofilms, and stimulate neurite outgrowth. The nanofilms hold great promise as bioinstructive platforms for enabling the assembly of customized and robust multicomponent supramolecular biomaterials for neural tissue regeneration.

Rapid identification of breast cancer subtypes using micro-FTIR and machine learning methods.

Breast cancer (BC) molecular subtypes diagnosis involves improving clinical uptake by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging, which is a non-destructive and powerful technique, enabling label free extraction of biochemical information towards prognostic stratification and evaluation of cell functionality. However, methods of measurements of samples demand a long time to achieve high quality images, making its clinical use impractical because of the data acquisition speed, poor signal to noise ratio, and deficiency of optimized computational framework procedures. To address those challenges, machine learning (ML) tools can facilitate obtaining an accurate classification of BC subtypes with high actionability and accuracy. Here, we propose a ML-algorithm-based method to distinguish computationally BC cell lines. The method is developed by coupling the K-neighbors classifier (KNN) with neighborhood components analysis (NCA), and hence, the NCA-KNN method enables to identify BC subtypes without increasing model size as well as adding additional computational parameters. By incorporating FTIR imaging data, we show that classification accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity improve, respectively, 97.5%, 96.3%, and 98.2%, even at very low co-added scans and short acquisition times. Moreover, a clear distinctive accuracy (up to 9 %) difference of our proposed method (NCA-KNN) was obtained in comparison with the second best supervised support vector machine model. Our results suggest a key diagnostic NCA-KNN method for BC subtypes classification that may translate to advancement of its consolidation in subtype-associated therapeutics.

Neurobehavioral sex-related differences in Nf1+/- mice: female show a "camouflaging"-type behavior.

BACKGROUND: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an inherited neurocutaneous disorder associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This condition has been associated with an increase of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission and, consequently, an excitation/inhibition imbalance associated with autistic-like behavior in both human and animal models. Here, we explored the influence of biological sex in the GABAergic system and behavioral alterations induced by the Nf1+/- mutation in a murine model. METHODS: Juvenile male and female Nf1+/- mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were used. Hippocampus size was assessed by conventional toluidine blue staining and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hippocampal GABA and glutamate levels were determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), which was complemented by western blot for the GABA(A) receptor. Behavioral evaluation of on anxiety, memory, social communication, and repetitive behavior was performed. RESULTS: We found that juvenile female Nf1+/- mice exhibited increased hippocampal GABA levels. Moreover, mutant female displays a more prominent anxious-like behavior together with better memory performance and social behavior. On the other hand, juvenile Nf1+/- male mice showed increased hippocampal volume and thickness, with a decrease in GABA(A) receptor levels. We observed that mutant males had higher tendency for repetitive behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested a sexually dimorphic impact of Nf1+/- mutation in hippocampal neurochemistry, and autistic-like behaviors. For the first time, we identified a "camouflaging"-type behavior in females of an animal model of ASD, which masked their autistic traits. Accordingly, like observed in human disorder, in this animal model of ASD, females show larger anxiety levels but better executive functions and production of normative social patterns, together with an imbalance of inhibition/excitation ratio. Contrary, males have more externalizing disorders, such as hyperactivity and repetitive behaviors, with memory deficits. The ability of females to camouflage their autistic traits creates a phenotypic evaluation challenge that mimics the diagnosis difficulty observed in humans. Thus, we propose the study of the Nf1+/- mouse model to better understand the sexual dimorphisms of ASD phenotypes and to create better diagnostic tools.

Dendrimers and Derivatives as Multifunctional Nanotherapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. It affects more than 30 million people worldwide and costs over US$ 1.3 trillion annually. AD is characterized by the brain accumulation of amyloid ß peptide in fibrillar structures and the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates in neurons, both leading to toxicity and neuronal death. At present, there are only seven drugs approved for the treatment of AD, of which only two can slow down cognitive decline. Moreover, their use is only recommended for the early stages of AD, meaning that the major portion of AD patients still have no disease-modifying treatment options. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient therapies for AD. In this context, nanobiomaterials, and dendrimers in particular, offer the possibility of developing multifunctional and multitargeted therapies. Due to their intrinsic characteristics, dendrimers are first-in-class macromolecules for drug delivery. They have a globular, well-defined, and hyperbranched structure, controllable nanosize and multivalency, which allows them to act as efficient and versatile nanocarriers of different therapeutic molecules. In addition, different types of dendrimers display antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-prion, and most importantly for the AD field, anti-amyloidogenic properties. Therefore, dendrimers can not only be excellent nanocarriers, but also be used as drugs per se. Here, the outstanding properties of dendrimers and derivatives that make them excellent AD nanotherapeutics are reviewed and critically discussed. The biological properties of several dendritic structures (dendrimers, derivatives, and dendrimer-like polymers) that enable them to be used as drugs for AD treatment will be pointed out and the chemical and structural characteristics behind those properties will be analysed. The reported use of these nanomaterials as nanocarriers in AD preclinical research is also presented. Finally, future perspectives and challenges that need to be overcome to make their use in the clinic a reality are discussed.

Host-derived mannose glycans trigger a pathogenic γδ T cell/IL-17a axis in autoimmunity.

Autoimmune diseases are life-threatening disorders that cause increasing disability over time. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases arise when immune stimuli override mechanisms of self-tolerance. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that protein glycosylation is substantially altered in autoimmune disease development, but the mechanisms by which glycans trigger these autoreactive immune responses are still largely unclear. In this study, we found that presence of microbial-associated mannose structures at the surface of the kidney triggers the recognition of DC-SIGN-expressing γδ T cells, inducing a pathogenic interleukin-17a (IL-17a)-mediated autoimmune response. Mice lacking Mgat5, which have a higher abundance of mannose structures in the kidney, displayed increased γδ T cell infiltration into the kidney that was associated with spontaneous development of lupus in older mice. N-acetylglucosamine supplementation, which promoted biosynthesis of tolerogenic branched N-glycans in the kidney, was found to inhibit γδ T cell infiltration and control disease development. Together, this work reveals a mannose-γδ T cell-IL-17a axis in SLE immunopathogenesis and highlights glycometabolic reprogramming as a therapeutic strategy for autoimmune disease treatment.

Abiotrophia defectiva Endocarditis: A Rare Cause with Aggressive Systemic Embolisation and Need of Valve Replacement.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a well-described infectious disease, one with increased morbidity and mortality being the third or fourth most common life-threatening infection syndrome. Abiotrophia defectiva is a non-motile, catalase negative, gram-positive coccus in a chain, which can be isolated from the oral cavity, intestinal, and genitourinary tracts. IE due to this agent is rare and associated with heart valve destruction, congestive heart failure, and high embolisation rates, these being the major mortality causes. We present a case of IE due to this agent, complicated with a stroke, and splenic and renal infarction, with the need for aortic valve replacement. This article highlights the gaps of knowledge left by the rarity of this disease, which range from its diagnosis to its treatment, and what we need to mitigate such gaps, supported with a case description of a successful treatment of this infection. LEARNING POINTS: Infective endocarditis due to Abiotrophia defectiva has usually an indolent course, but the embolisation potential is very high.The major causes of mortality with this species are congestive heart failure due to valve destruction and the presence of multiple emboli.Surgical intervention rates are high with Abiotrophia defectiva, reaching 50% of cases.

The Influence of Saliva pH on the Fracture Resistance of Two Types of Implant-Supported Bis-Acrylic Resin Provisional Crowns-An In Vitro Study.

Temporary restorations play a fundamental role in oral rehabilitation. A properly adapted implant-supported provisional restoration implies better esthetics, contouring and architectural modeling of the upper peri-implant tissue. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of oral pH on the fracture resistance of implant-supported provisional restorations made with two brands of bis-acrylic resin (LuxaCrown® and Protemp™ 4) and to compare the fracture resistance of these two materials. Twenty crowns (ten manufactured using each brand) served as a control, and another forty crowns (twenty of each brand) were aged using artificial saliva with pHs of 4 or 7, for 7 days at 37 °C, in an attempt to simulate the behavior of these materials inside the oral cavity. Subsequently, all crowns were subjected to the application of a force at a constant speed, in a universal testing machine, until fracture was achieved. The LuxaCrown® brand showed greater resistance to fracture than the Protemp™ 4 brand. Salivary pH did not influence the fracture resistance of provisional LuxaCrown® crowns but did influence the fracture resistance of provisional Protemp™ 4 crowns.

A proteomics dataset capturing myeloid cell responses upon cellular exposure to fungicides, adjuvants and fungicide formulations.

Dendritic cells are the sentinels of the immune system, linking the innate and adaptive immune response. Myeloid and dendritic cell models have been successfully used in in vitro approaches to predict adverse outcomes such as skin sensitization. We here exposed a well-characterized human dendritic cell-like cell line to agricultural chemicals, including fungicide formulations, active ingredients, adjuvants and defined mixtures for 24 h to profile induced changes on protein levels. Cell pellets were harvested and prepared for bottom-up label-free analysis with peptide separation on an EASY-nano LC system 1200 coupled online with a QExactive HF-X mass spectrometer with data-dependent acquisition (DDA). The raw data files and processed quantitative data have been deposited to ProteomeXchange with the data identification number PXD034624 and are described here. The data in this article may serve as a resource for researchers interested in e.g. human toxicology, immunology, cell biology and pharmacology.